The United States Energy Information Administration estimated in 2024 that domestic cryptocurrency mining consumed somewhere between 25 and 91 terawatt-hours of electricity in 2023, representing between 0.6% and 2.3% of total U.S. electricity demand for the year. That range is wide because the industry has resisted disclosure, but even the low end places cryptomining on par with entire industrial sectors that receive far more regulatory attention.

The EIA identified 137 cryptocurrency mining facilities operating in the United States as of 2023, concentrated in Texas, Georgia, and New York. For the 101 facilities where maximum capacity data were available, combined peak power demand reached 10.275 gigawatts — roughly 2.3% of total average U.S. annual power demand. Applying an 80% utilization rate to that figure yields an estimate of 70 terawatt-hours per year, sitting comfortably within the top-down projection derived from global hashrate data.

Bitmain, a privately held Chinese company, controls an estimated 80% of the global market for cryptocurrency mining hardware. The application-specific integrated circuits it manufactures — the ASICs that power the overwhelming majority of Bitcoin mining operations worldwide — are physically present inside data centers scattered across the United States, operating at sustained high power loads, networked to the internet, and in many cases located in states with significant military or defense infrastructure. In November 2025, the Department of Homeland Security opened a formal investigation into whether Bitmain’s equipment can be remotely controlled for surveillance, espionage, or grid disruption purposes.

New York enacted a two-year moratorium on new cryptocurrency mining permits in 2022 — the first state-level action of its kind in the United States — while directing regulators to evaluate the environmental effects of proof-of-work mining operations. The policy was a direct response to the strain that mining companies had placed on the state’s electricity infrastructure after initially clustering around cheap hydroelectric power from the New York Power Authority’s St. Lawrence River facility.

Texas has become the largest concentration of cryptocurrency mining activity in the United States, and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas is now managing the consequences of that in real time. In 2022, cryptomining accounted for 3% of local peak electricity demand on the ERCOT grid. By 2024, the EIA estimated that large flexible loads — a category that includes both mining operations and data centers — could represent 10% of total electricity consumption on the ERCOT grid in 2025, equivalent to approximately 54 billion kilowatt-hours.

In January 2024, the U.S. Energy Information Administration obtained emergency clearance from the Office of Management and Budget to collect electricity consumption data from cryptocurrency mining facilities. In February 2024, it issued a formal request for comments on extending the data collection. On March 1, 2024, it withdrew the effort entirely — the result of a legal challenge from Bitcoin mining companies and a negotiated settlement in which EIA agreed to destroy the data it had already gathered.